Critical evaluation of the UK governments' reforming the law of Essay

Critical evaluation of the UK governments' reforming the law of company charge registration - Essay Example The term security interest is used in two different contexts including consensual security, which exists through contractual agreement and legal security, which exists by operation of the law. A further classification breaks the term into quasi security and real security whereby the real security is about the grant of an interest through security while quasi security is concerned with gaining of recourse against some form of proprietary interest rather than through a grant (BIS, 2011). Some of these issues were addressed by the common law based on estoppels principles and the rule in Dearle v Hal, though none of them was successful. This problem only became manageable following introduction of registration systems, which were enshrined under the Bills of Sale Acts in respect to individuals as well as Company Acts (Secured transactions in securitizations, 2009). Nevertheless, these registers could not meet the radically changing commercial environment. One of the areas that have cause d numerous problems recently includes the recognition of the consumer debtor. Although several consumer credit laws have been enacted to regulate such debtors, the major problems that have been presented in the business sector have not been surmounted, yet the Companies Act 2006 has not done enough to address the problem (McCormack, 2009). The evolution and early regulation of security Before the industrial revolution, the English economy was mostly dominated by agricultural economy which was particularly practiced in the rural areas. By then, security of interest was primarily concerned with the possession of instruments of promise and the lien was only concerned with forms of security interest that were accepted. Actually, the major way of marking the passage of property was through transfer of possession. By then, the main method of exchange was barter since the coinage had not been established. Therefore, the era, which was technologically challenged, was only left with physical dominance of property through possession as the only real way of expressing implicit ownership of property. In this system, passage of ownership through contract was unheard of since the property transfer was via physical delivery or rather the assumption of possession. From the modern perceptive, this form of description is unacceptable since it is not recognized in the legal and the economic model in which the society is based. Furthermore, if the legal system were to be entirely based upon possessory principles, then the commercial activities which are premised upon a liberally existing exchange of goods and services would be fundamentally frustrated. However, proprietary assignments in England have been recognized through possessory concepts which existed until the mid-nineteenth century (Birds, 2007). Notably, had the promissory rules remained unchecked, the modern industrialized economy could not have reached its current evolved status, which is fueled by a free supply of cre dit. Furthermore the economic growth could not have been achieved were it not for checking the susceptibility of possessory security interest. The severance of title and

Student teachers, educational judgement In the 21st century classroom, Essay

Student teachers, educational judgement In the 21st century classroom, 'using the knowledge of good ends to decide appropriate - Essay Example This paper provides a brief philosophical view of education to identify the good ends that mentors should aim for in their teaching education program. Guided by traditional and modern philosophy of education and the insights offered by the current literature in the field, the present paper hopes to contribute to the proposal of identifying good ends to decide appropriate means for training 21st century teachers. Identifying the ‘good ends’ ‘Good ends,’ in the teaching field are the ideal characteristics student teachers should possess in order to prepare them for the challenges in the field. Good ends would serve as guide to help mentors determine the process that student teachers should undergo during education. To identify these qualities, we take light from the wisdom of the great philosopher, Aristotle. In addition, we dig upon the current literature to reveal further insights on the qualities of an effective teacher. Coulter and Wiens (2002) explored Ar istotle’s view of phronesis and related it to the desirable qualities of a teacher. According to the authors, the term phronesis may mean the same as practical wisdom or practical judgment. By practical wisdom, Coulter and Wiens (2002) mean the possession of knowledge and the ability to apply knowledge in actual terms. In their discussion of phronesis, Coulter and Wiens consider the arguments made by Hannah Arendt, a Jew philosopher who distinguishes between good thinking and making good decisions. Coulter and Wiens point out that there are teachers who possess knowledge yet are unable to transform their ideas into concrete actions, in other words, they are unable to attain phronesis as they stop in merely possessing knowledge. A review of current literature on the qualities of an effective teacher confirms the importance of knowledge or subject matter expertise as one ideal teacher quality (McNamara and Webb, 2008; Auger and Wilderman, 2000; Chickering and Gamson, 1991). How ever, the said sources do not reflect qualities relating to the concept of phronesis, thus confirming the lack of realisation of the difference between the possession of knowledge and its application. Coulter and Wiens (2002) articulate Arendt’s argument that to possess phronesis, teachers should be ‘judging spectators’ and ‘judging actors’ at the same time. Judging spectators are able to think and reflect on what is happening around them. They possess an understanding of occurrences, and are able to interpret these occurrences on their own. Following this, future teachers should be trained to make good judgments. This is possible if teachers will be allowed to think and decide for themselves. Krishnaveni and Anitha (2007: 28) identify the exercise of autonomy and proper decision making as a form of teacher empowerment. Thus, to promote the attitude of judging spectators, mentors should provide opportunities for student teachers to make their own dec isions whether in terms of instruction, classroom management, and assessment. Moreover, teachers who are judging spectators are able to deal with ‘plurality’or the ability to coexist with others, even those from other cultures.

Steps of the Decision-Making Process in the CJS

Steps of the Decision-Making Process in the CJS The first step in the decision-making process, which starts when the police are notified of or discover a crime, is investigation. Investigation falls under the Police subsystem of the criminal justice system (CJS). Identification of a suspect and gathering enough evidence to warrant an arrest are the fundamental functions of an investigation. If the police feel they have reason to initiate a search, the standard they must meet in order to do so is probable cause. (Neubauer Fradella, p. 12) (Appalachian State University, p. 1) The second step in the process is arrest. Not counting traffic, there are 11 million arrests per year. Murder, rape, assault and other severe crimes account for slightly less than 2 million of those arrests. Only approximately 20% of crimes police know of end in an arrest. Obviously, arrest, like investigation, lies under the Police subsystem of the CJS (Neubauer Fradella, p. 12) Following arrest a suspect is brought in for booking, the third step of the CJS. Booking creates an administrative record of the suspect and usually includes both photographing and fingerprinting. This is the final step of the CJS that falls under the Police subsystem. (Appalachian State University, p. 1) Charging follows booking and is the fourth step of the CJS. It is also the first stage that involves the court subsystem. If a prosecutor decides there is enough evidence of good quality to show the suspect is guilty of the crime they have been arrested for, the suspect may then be charged with a specific crime. (Appalachian State University, p. 1) Following charging is the initial appearance. Several things happen at an initial appearance. Defendants are notified of the charges they are facing, they are informed of their rights, and a date for their preliminary hearing is decided. About 75% of defendants are sentenced immediately as a result of guilty pleas at the initial appearance. The initial appearance falls under the court subsystem. Bail is set by the judge for defendants who do not plead guilty. This is the most significant part of a defendants initial appearance. It is also part of the courts subsystem. In theory, defendants who cannot pay are held in jail until their trial but in practice, jails are overcrowded to the point that only defendants charged with a serious crime are not released. This is step six in the criminal justice system. (Neubauer Fradella, p. 12) Step seven is the preliminary hearing, which is part of the courts subsystem of the CJS. At the preliminary hearing, the prosecutor must convince the judge there is enough evidence to prove that a crime was committed and that there is probable cause to believe the defendant committed the crime. This is intended as a check against baseless prosecutions but in reality, probable cause is a low enough standard that most defendants are held for further action. (Neubauer Fradella, p. 13) The grand jury provides citizens a buffer against groundless prosecutions. The grand jury is part of the court subsystem. All federal felony prosecutions require a grand jury but they are only used in roughly half of all states. If he succeeds in persuading a simple majority of the grand jurors that there is probable cause that there was a crime committed and probable cause that the defendant committed that crime, an indictment is returned. The grand jury is the eighth step of the CJS. (Neubauer Fradella, p. 13) If the grand jury finds that there is probable cause to proceed they return an accusation, in writing, charging the defendant with the crime. This written accusation is known as an indictment, it falls under the court subsystem of the CJS, and is the ninth step of the process. (Albany County District Attorneys Office, p. 1) The tenth step in the criminal justice system is the arraignment. This step is part of the court subsystem. As at the initial appearance, defendants are advised of their rights. This is usually more extensive at the arraignment. Defendants also receive a copy of the formal charges against them, before entering a plea. Not guilty is the most common plea at this stage. (Neubauer Fradella, p. 13) The trial is the eleventh step of the C1JS and is part of the courts subsystem. Guaranteed by the Constitution, the trial is the most essential right of the defendant. Trials may be either bench (the defendant is tried by a judge only) or jury. In the case of a jury trial, the sequence is: opening statements by the prosecution and the defense, the prosecution calls the first witness, closing arguments by the prosecution and the defense, the judge instructs the jury regarding the law, and the jury deliberates in secret. Over 90% of criminal trials end in convictions. (Neubauer Fradella, p. 14) Following a guilty verdict, the judge will decide on prison, probation or a fine. This is the sentencing phase and is the twelfth step in the CJS. Fines are very unusual in felony cases. The death penalty may be a possibility although it is limited to only some first-degree murder cases.1 (Neubauer Fradella, p. 14) The appeals stage is the thirteenth step of the decision-making process and is part of the courts subsystem. Most defendants who are found guilty at trial file an appeal with an appellate court. Most defendants who have pled guilty do not file appeals. Only 10% of defendants win their appeals. The most important attribute of an appellate court is that it can decide policy matters that affect the entire criminal justice system. (Neubauer Fradella, p. 14) Corrections, the fourteenth step, is the third subsystem of the CJS. Once defendants have been found guilty they are most frequently incarcerated. The most common sentence of past two centuries, incarceration deprives prisoners of their freedom and isolates them from society. The United States has the worlds largest share of its population in prison and these prisons are severely overcrowded. (Neubauer Fradella, p. 379) (Appalachian State University, p. 1) The last of the criminal justice systems decision-making steps, number 14, is release. There are several ways a convict may obtain release: serving the full sentence imposed by the courts, parole or pardon. The most cost effective sentence is parole, a form of punishment that allows a convicted criminal to live in the community provided they meet a variety of conditions while they do so. Convicted criminals may also be incarcerated. In general, jails are intended for terms of less than one year and prisons are meant for terms over one year. Most prisoners do not serve the full term of their sentences.

The Connection between Writing and Technology :: Teaching Writing Education

The Connection between Writing and Technology There are times when an idea pops into your head and immediately you need to write it down or lose the thought forever. What is the first thing you grab? Probably a pen or pencil and then a piece of paper, or even the nearest keyboard. These technologies are so common, we don't even give them a second thought; they are just there. With almost every household owning a computer we even tend to take them for granted. Now imagine these writing technologies didn't exist and that Henry Thoreau's father didn't perfect the pencil, what would you grab then? This is what I set out to do; find a writing technology that isn't common today. At first, I thought about what our ancestors would have used and depending on how far back we go, this can range from a quill and ink to carving on stone. Looking around my house though, these things weren't easy to find. So, I searched thru the yard looking for anything that might resemble paper. I kept coming back to the leaves hanging on the catalpa tree. I first decided this had to be my paper. It was the closest thing to being flat and the leaves were large enough for my text. For my pen I tried many different tools. First, the obvious, I could use a stick. Then I decided to cut some of the needles off my pine tree and use them. With these I twisted them tight and then tied them with Cattail reeds from the pond. Just from the looks alone, I knew this had to be my pen. My ink was a challenge though. First, I tried to burn the tip of the "pen" in order to produce ash. I figured this would be easy and would work in the same manner as a pencil. After much burning, my porch smelled like a pine forest, but little ash was being produced. This led to another search of the yard and the discovery of my ink. I had found some wild grapes and knew this would be an easy substitute for ink. Once the grapes were crushed and the neighbor's questions answered, I preceded with my new technology experiment. By burning the tip of my "pen" I had formed a perfect point to write with. This was out of pure accident, but none the less a stroke of luck.

Walking Down Memory Lane Park

Salina Vang Narrative Description-FFD Mr. Henshaw APELC 8 June 2011 Walking Down Memory Lane Park Whenever I think of Projects Park it brings back many memories because it was in the neighborhood where I spent my childhood years. Even though it was just for a small portion of my life, for one of the longest times it was the place where I had the best memories of courageous acts. Project Park was where I experienced the feeling of always being around others my age and it where I met the coolest people and made the best friendships, some of whom I am still friends with today.It was the place where at that point in time I lived my life to the fullest. Projects Park was located in isolation on its own block at the very end of the road. During the daytime children from all over the neighborhood came to play with their family and friends, me included. However when the sun went down night crept in turning the sky an ominous shade of antiquity and along with it, it brought creatures of the n ight to roam among the site. One evening upon entrance to the park I remembered the story someone once told me, â€Å"one could see the glare of two floating red eyes following those who meandered around the park at night. Rejecting the thought, but still a bit superstitious I entered the park anyways. As the sun went down it created an illusion as if the shadows were waking up from their dark crevices. I was standing at the foot of a shadow from a tall tree towering over me. The sun setting turned those tree-branches into arms grazing along the cement seeming as if they wanted to grab me. At the further end of the block a tall street lamppost lit up a dim fire dull enough just to see the path of the park. Night had come and it was so quiet my eardrums hurt and ever step I took sent chills down my body.As I approached the swings I noticed the echoes of my footsteps had just suddenly started lasting longer than they should have. I took another step with my left foot, stopped, and th en heard the brisk echo of another step after that. Looking down at my left foot, it was exactly where I had left it, somehow, the long echoed steps had not stopped, but were now storming towards me faster and louder than ever like a violent beating thunderstorm. Immediately, I turned around and in that instant, it stopped, a split second of dead silence. Something was definitely wrong.I felt like a hole had been punched right through me sending waves of fear down my back making my hair stand at their ends. My sudden instincts told me to approach the swings for comfort. However I remembered that I had caught seeing a swing move on its own accord before; as if someone was riding on its seat. The feeling of terror, noticeably aroused in my appearance by now, made me want to run for the wide open field. The open field was the highly vivid field of wherein games were held because of its noticeable boundaries of where the green grass ended and the sharp concrete cement began.Now after da rk, it seemed to lay awaiting and full of hunger for something to step onto its surface so it could suck them into its dark ruptured depths. It, during the daytime acted as a virtuous grass field wherein competition took its place. It was the place in the park where cries of victories could be heard and where one could also seek for rivalry. Suddenly just filled with thoughts of competition I was overcome with memories and had forgotten about the dark surrounding me. One of the games always played was Kick the Can.This game’s boundary took up the whole neighborhood allowing for a lot of space. It was one of my favorite games because there was always one person â€Å"it†. Their goal was to spot every other player and try to get them out, at the same time, guarding the base containing the can. However with one person on one team and everyone else on the rivalry team it created several disadvantages. Players on the team with more people crouched between slits in the earth and hid within the shadows waiting for that intense moment when their rival finally looked away.At last with the opportunity they jumped out of their hiding places running as fast as their legs could carry them for the chance to â€Å"kick the can. † It was the only way to free all of their teammates from jail. Moreover for me personally the best part was being the person hiding from the rival. I loved the feeling of running from the enemy, acting like I was a ninja hiding against walls, climbing up trees, and maneuvering my way behind fences to escape the chance of being caught.At the time, I thought it was the perfect space for me to roam around freely and still feel comfortable and safe because most of the people living in the neighborhood were friendly and didn’t mind the company. Unfortunately, there were those who disliked it and I did my best to avoid them. One again acknowledging my surroundings, I built up the courage to keep walking along the path as if ever ything was normal. I recalled the best of times shared here in this park with my friends, where we had our best of times playing, talking and sharing our amazing made up stories of us coming together to be a complete family.It was also the place where we all learned how to ride our first bike and to ride our first roller blades after falling on our hands and knees countless times but getting up repeatedly to try all over again. Now walking along the path I remember the time when one of my best childhood friends, Michael Cheng, the cute little boy who secretly held a crush on me, chased me along the path while I ran for my life from the despair of being hugged and at risk of being contaminated with â€Å"boy cooties†, and it made me laugh. Sadly I regret that I no longer keep in contact with Michael.If I could go back to the day he moved away, I wouldn’t even think twice about asking him for a contact number. With the feelings of fear, courage, and sadness all mixed wit hin me, I felt crossed. Then looking back at the path I had just walked and up towards the now barely visible tree that seemed to be taunting me before, I had one last thought before I left the park that night. Standing under the dim light post, I remembered Michael, the boy who I had been running so horridly from; it had happened that he was the first boy who I had ever received my first hug from.With that flashback, it gave my stomach the faint distinct feeling of rapture evanesce that left me with a bright hint of a smile on my face as I walked away from memory lane park. Today, even though I no longer live in the neighborhood of Projects Park, whenever I visit the place, there is still a part of me that can connect to the park, making it feel like home. I’m thankful that I still keep in contact with a couple friends from the neighborhood and usually, whenever we get together, we can still go on for hours telling each other about our lives of growing up together in the pro jects.Sadly, I don’t keep in contact with most of my friends from the hood any longer. We have been separated by hundreds and thousands of miles far and wide, but, there is one thing I know we all still have in common, the family connection we had within Projects Park that will never be forgotten. In fact, to me, it feels just like yesterday that I was little kid, out freely roller skating, carelessly chasing friends, and enjoying my life to its fullest.

Death of a Salesman: Symbolism

Langston Hughes's poem â€Å"Dream Deferred† is basically about what happens to dreams when they are put on hold. Hughes probably intended for the poem to focus on the dreams of African-Americans because he originally entitled the poem â€Å"Harlem,† which is the capital of African American life in the United States; however, it is just as easy to read the poem as being about dreams in general and what happens when people postpone making them come true.Overall, Hughes uses a carefully arranged series of images that suggest that people should not delay their dreams because the more they postpone them, the more the dreams will change and the less likely they will come true. In the opening of the poem Hughes uses a visual image that compares a dream deferred to a raisin. Hughes asks the question, â€Å"Does it [the dream] dry up, Like a raisin in the sun? † (2-3). Here you can see the raisin, which used to be a moist, healthy-looking grape, has shriveled up to becom e a raisin.Like the raisin, the dream has been on hold for a long time and eventually it has transformed into something very different than it once was. Because they look so different, few people would believe that raisins were once grapes unless they had been told. Similarly, a dream that continues to be postponed will go through a transformation as well-it won't be the same as the original. On the surface, readers may not view the outcome as negative because raisins are valuable on their own. However, Hughes does not stress the taste of the raisin; he emphasizes the fact that a raisin â€Å"dries up† or loses its moisture.The comparison of the dream to the withered raisin shows how a dream that is postponed changes dramatically and will not turn out as the person originally intended. The next image in the poem â€Å"fester like† a sore and then run† (3-4) gives you a sense of infection and pain. Comparing the dream to a sore of a body, Hughes suggests that unfu lfilled dreams become part of us, like a longstanding injury that has gathered pus. The word â€Å"fester† meaning something decay and â€Å"run† literally refers to pus in my opinion.From this perspective, it explains the pain that someone has when their dream always defers. A postponed dream is like a painful injury that begins to be infected. The next image â€Å"Does it stink like rotten meat†(5) intensified the sense of disgust. A dream deferred may also stink. If dreams are stashed away, will they haunt us like rotten meat haunts us when it sits too long in the refrigerator? If rotting meat didn't smell so bad, how much longer do you think it would sit in your fridge? The smell is often what reminds us to do something about it, to throw it away.What kinds of things crust or sugar over(6)? Honey; cheese or candy. Usually things that left out in the open and that aren't put away properly. Can dreams be put away properly? Can dreams be preserved if they aren' t pursued? Hughes compares dreams to sweet-tasting things, and comparing the bitterness of lost dreams. â€Å"Maybe it just sags like a heavy load† (8-9). Sagging things are things that are old, for example our skin, furniture or even curtains. I think Hughes is pointing out how important dreams are because they are heavy and if we ignore them, they grow to sag. Or does it explode† (10)? I think when Hughes uses the word â€Å"explode† he leaves it up to question. Explode could mean either from built up pressure or something more positive like fireworks or celebration. Whichever comparison, I think either are strong outcomes become your dream has some sort of result. Because of the time period Hughes wrote this poem, I think he wants the readers to question and think about their dreams, and what you are going to do with them; especially for African Americans.

Alligator Facts (A. mississippiensis and A. sinensis)

Alligator Facts (A. mississippiensis and A. sinensis) The alligator is a freshwater crocodilian belonging to the genus Alligator. It is a large reptile with a fearsome set of teeth. In fact, the teeth are one way to tell an alligator from a crocodile. An alligators teeth are hidden when its mouth is closed, while a crocodile still has a toothy grin. The name alligator comes from the Spanish el lagarto, which means the lizard. Alligators are sometimes called living fossils because they have been around about 37 million years, first appearing in the fossil record in the Oligocene epoch. Fast Facts: Alligator Scientific Name: Alligator mississippiensis (American alligator); Alligator sinensis (Chinese alligator)Common Name: Alligator, gatorBasic Animal Group: ReptileSize: 13 feet (American); 7 feet (Chinese)Weight: 790 pounds (American); 100 pounds (Chinese)Lifespan: 35 to 50 yearsDiet: CarnivoreHabitat: Freshwater marshes and grasslandsPopulation: 5 million (American); 68 to 86 (Chinese)Conservation Status: Least Concern (American); Critically Endangered (Chinese) Species There are two alligator species. The American alligator is Alligator mississippiensis, while the Chinese alligator is Alligator sinensis. Several extinct species are found in the fossil record. The Chinese alligator is critically endangered in the wild. reptiles4all, Getty Images Description Alligators range in color from brown to olive green to black with white bellies. Juvenile alligators have orange, yellow, or white marks that fade as they reach maturity. American alligators are much larger than Chinese alligators. The average American alligator is 13 feet long and weighs 790 pounds, but large specimens over 14 feet long and 990 pounds occur. Chinese alligators average 7 feet long and 100 pounds. In both species, males tend to be larger than females. An alligators strong tail makes up over half its length. Habitat and Distribution The American alligator lives in the southeastern United States. It occurs in freshwater and brackish wetlands in Florida, Louisiana, Georgia, Mississippi, South Carolina, North Carolina, East Texas, and southern Arkansas and Oklahoma. The Chinese alligator is found in a short section of the Yangtze River valley. Diet Alligators are carnivores, although they sometimes supplement their diet with fruit. The type of prey depends on the size of the alligator. They are ambush predators that prefer to eat prey that may be consumed in one bite, such as fish, turtles, mollusks, small mammals, and other reptiles (including smaller alligators). However, they can take much larger prey. Larger prey are grabbed and spun around in the water in what is called a death roll. During a death roll, the gator bites off chunks until the target is subdued. Alligators may store prey under the water until it decomposes enough to be eaten. Like other cold-blooded animals, alligators cannot digest prey when temperatures drop too low. Behavior Alligators are excellent swimmers, plus they use three modes of locomotion on land. The sprawl is a walk using four legs with the belly touching the ground. The high walk is on four limbs with the belly above the ground. Alligators can walk on their two legs, but only for short distances. While large males and females tend to be solitary within a territory, smaller alligators form highly social groups. Alligators readily tolerate other individuals of comparable size. Gators are extremely intelligent. They have been known to use tools and find their way home from a distance of 30 miles. Reproduction and Offspring Alligators mature when they reach a length of around 6 feet. In the spring, male alligators bellow, emit blasts of infrasound, and head-slap water to attract mates. Both sexes gather in groups for courtship in what is called an alligator dance. Males mate multiple females, but a female has one mate per season. In the summer, a female builds a nest of vegetation and lays between 10 and 15 hard-shelled eggs. Decomposition supplies the heat needed to incubate the eggs. The temperature of the nest determines offspring sex. Temperature of 86  Ã‚ °F or lower produce females, while temperature above 93  Ã‚ °F produce males. Between 86  Ã‚ °F and 93  Ã‚ °F, a clutch contains both males and females. The young hatch in September using an egg tooth and assistance from their mother. Female hatchlings weigh more than male hatchlings. The female defends the nest and helps the hatchlings reach water. She continues to guard her offspring for a year or two, but will mate each year once she reaches maturity. It is unknown exactly how long alligators live in the wild. Estimates place average lifespan between 35 and 50 years. Alligators in captivity can live long lives. One captive specimen is at least 80 years old. Alligator hatchlings have white or yellow marks. DeSid, Getty Images Conservation Status The IUCN classifies the conservation status of the American alligator as least concern. Approximately 5 million American alligators live in the wild. On the other hand, the status of the Chinese alligator is critically endangered. As of 2018, between 68 and 86 mature individuals lived in the wild, with a stable population trend. At present, more Chinese alligators live in zoos than in the wild. Chinese alligators are protected, plus captive individuals may be successfully reintroduced into the wild. Alligators and Humans Alligators typically do not perceive humans as prey. While attacks sometimes occur, they tend to be provoked when a person encroaches on an alligators territory, in self-defense, or where humans feed alligators and the reptiles have lost their natural shyness. Alligators are hunted and raised commercially for skin and meat. Wild alligators are a popular sight for ecotourists. Alligators offer an economic benefit to humans by controlling muskrat, copypu (nutria), and other pest animal populations. Alligators can be trained, but they do not make good pets because they grow very quickly, escape enclosures, and can be unpredictably aggressive. Fun fact: While an alligator closes its mouth with force, its jaws are too weak to open when the mouth is held closed. Zen Rial, Getty Images Sources Brochu, C.A. (1999). Phylogenetics, taxonomy, and historical biogeography of Alligatoroidea. Memoir (Society of Vertebrate Paleontology). 6: 9–100. doi:10.2307/3889340Craighead, F. C., Sr. (1968). The role of the alligator in shaping plant communities and maintaining wildlife in the southern Everglades. The Florida Naturalist, 41, 2–7, 69–74.Crocodile Specialist Group (1996). Alligator mississippiensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1996: e.T46583A11061981. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T46583A11061981.enFish, Frank E.; Bostic, Sandra A.; Nicastro, Anthony J.; Beneski, John T. (2007). Death roll of the alligator: mechanics of twist feeding in water. The Journal of Experimental Biology. 210 (16): 2811–2818. doi:10.1242/jeb.004267Jiang, H. Wu, X. (2018). Alligator sinensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T867A3146005. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T867A3146005.en

buy custom Effects of Mobile Devices to the Future of Gaming essay

buy custom Effects of Mobile Devices to the Future of Gaming essay CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION Background Information about Mobile evices Mobile phones have become a necessary gadget during this present century throughout the entire universe. This is because it has brought connections with long distance families and even made transactions much easier than the past decades. There has been advanced technology whereby the gadget is just not used for playing games but also storing information such as pictures and music and many other essential data. These gadgets have proved to be the best way to get intact with any games available in the present world and also ensure there is a proper utilization. In terms of games portability these gadgets are able to provide a pleasant working environment to the relevant players who are interested and even get assisted as soon as possible. They are also used in providing information to other user gadgets and get to pass the necessary games messages rather than make a physical contact. Mobile phones can also be used to get internet access and provide games that are available online and pass messages in terms of emails and other types of internet messages. The most advanced technology sites include social networks such as Facebook and Twitter. All these can be accessed by the gadget rather than getting a computer or laptop to access them. During the past years when the gadget may be introduced it was extremely costly to purchase and also the communication charging rate was exceptionally high to the users. The latest use of the gadget by a large number of users the cost has decreased and has been available to every market. These days the gadget is cheaper and easy to navigate due to its comfortable tools and features that users are interested. Each and every season there are new and advanced technology mobile phones that have powerful features rather than the text and ringtone features. Nowadays like in the Asian countries the gadget can sense earthquake signals and give notification to the user of an earthquake disaster. It can also be used as a tracking device whenever there are emergency or kidnapping cases. This has proved to be lifesaver gadget and at the same economical because the authority can be notified as early as possible and reduce bigger losses from happening. During the old technology, the gadget used ringtones to notify the user of any incoming call or send messages but with the present technology there are greater means of notifying the user. One can download a full version song and save as a notifying feature in case of an incoming call. This is due to the introduction of WAP technologies that allow cell phone internet connections. Problem Statement Without a doubt, mobile devices have proved to be easier and essential to be used by each and every human being. This includes from getting connected to even masking money transactions such as sending and receiving money in a bank account. These gadgets have undoubtedly made life easier and fast due to its greater features that can assist in multitasking several events just in one day and get feedback in a moment. With all the above advantages, it is crucial to use the gadget in a proper manner especially when driving it is essential to pull over and make a call rather than when driving. A mobile game can be referred as a video game that may be played on mobile phones or on smartphones and other portable gadgets. These games can be played by using the present and developed technologies on the device. Mobile gaming is non networked features that simply apply the mobile device platform technology to run the game software. The games can be fixed in the mobile through air or may be side loaded using a cable. Purpose of the Study Mobile has a greater effect to the present gaming because it cats as supplement to the computer games. Almost every person has a mobile and each and everyone has a different experience to gaming while using their mobile phones. Even though game users are away from the computers they can log in using their phones and get into the game and take from where they stopped and play. Mobile has changed a lot of things and even the view of the game by having similar features just like those of a computer. Game developers have a big impact in this due to their latest focus on mobile gaming rather than computer gaming. Game developers are a bit ditching the traditional gaming system and are moving to the mobile gaming model. In future there will be a big change in game developing system and mobile gaming will be a major beneficiary from the change. Another thing that will attribute to changes is the way people buy and pay for the games due to necessity factor. The mobile keys are flexible and easier to master them thus increasing more speed while playing. Using convention features is what has made mobile devices the players need to use the provide software application that has all the required game navigation. Mobile devices usually have certain keys for specific actions in each game and make it easier for players to use them. Other console game applications do not offer automatic response whenever there is a wrong key struck by the users. Hypothesis for the Study Since most mobile games follow the user interface style while gaming, this has mobile more flexible and intuitive that has the shortest path to gaming. The navigation provided by the mobile phones has made it easier for the players to remember. Today the entire universe has gone to the digital world due to the recent technological impairments to great features. Even the most advanced game developer companies have established various research systems to connect their games developing system to mobile gaming. With the development of mobile operating system platforms such as iOS and Google android, mobile creators have formed digital downloadable feature that can run on the gadgets by using the operating system. Accessibility of technologically phones is what has led to a high expectation of gaming to the next level. This is because phones are now accessible to each and everybody physically that involves flexibility of the interface as well as, mentally through easier use of the phones. Phones are also accessible to everybody both geographically which is through ubiquity of internet services and also personally which is through the storage of the entire game data in the cloud. This is to say phones have become accessible at all times and everywhere to clients making it easier to access game features through the gadget. Mobile phone navigating is easier due to its efficient input devices that provide players with efficient services while gaming. The mobile has provided two kinds of navigation to gaming system; one is the permanent navigation that is utilized for primarily navigation. The other is the temporally navigation that is related to the primarily navigation while playing. The future of mobile games is the key to high growth due to the mobile games use of flex able free play games to the users and also the investing companies. Mobile games avoid friction for a player to get a great gaming experience that is brought by connected mobile devices and a connection of an internet cloud. The benefit of having an internet cloud is to put a developed game into the cloud and ensure there is equal opportunity for all users to get access to the games. Mobile phones have different kinds of game purposes that are the units, the character classes in the game features that are designed to allow efficient functionality with different players. Some of the features that make mobile phones more compatible are the efficiency in the screen layout and easier visual ability to the players. The screen provides games at every category and aligned in rows to scatter in the center region of the screen. While multiplying two players the mobile phone features arrange each player appropriately on the screen to enable all players to view the game action and available feedbacks while playing. Mobile devices can get into a game at a faster rate due to the new technology perspective and even without the use of a downloadable game file it can still work. It is also advantageous for the game users; they do not need to pay any charges for testing the available games if they are the best taste to them. Mobile phone industry is making the game developing system easy to develop and ensure there is penetration of new and advanced games into the industry. This makes both the games developing industry and the mobile industry interesting in working together. This enables the industry to serve the customers in all regions with a free game play that is frictionless to technology advancement. Today there are several debates about the future of mobile games due to the competitiveness in the games develop industry. Most of the external play games one is vulnerable to paying much more money than downloading a free game using the mobile phone. The ability and also the effectiveness of downloading a freemobile game is the easiest way to get experience and also avoid extra costs. This is one of the best ways of the mobile game industry to grow expeditionary. Mobile phone has exceeded its role as a sample of communication device and become a highly sophistic multimedias hybrids in the game industry. CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW The Effects of Mobile Devices on the Mass Gaming Market To evaluate the effect of mobile devices on the gaming market there is a number of user centered evaluation techniques familiar in the industry. It is important to focus on a better understanding of the gaming industry through its buildup knowledge and a refining scope of the final game product. The first user centered evaluation is the literature review that has a number of academic as well as, non-academic sources to learn much more about mobile gaming. The mobile industry gives the relevant information on how users can use the DS system in the mobile gaming features (OCSC 2009; Ozok ZAPHIRIS 2009, p. 72). The second review is the comparative evaluation by comparing the mobile game system with their competitive sources. This evaluation gives the overview of hoe mobile phones fit in the gaming industry with the relevant competition and the proper method to make it more successful. The third evaluation is the contextual interview with the mobile gamers to look at how the users in the system can get upgraded features. This evaluation gives much more information to assist in scoping a great focus on the best way to have multiplayers mobile games. There is also the heuristic evaluation to the mobile gaming and evaluate four different mobile games in-depth. This helps the users choose the best mobile game for use and also inform the users on the designed usability features by the mobile industry. In the past few years there has been a big change in the mobile industry as well as the gaming industry. With the current technology advancement, mobile gaming will eventually be the most preferred gaming device in the world. This is after a few years of growth and also users adapting its features. About three quarter of the current young generations are estimated a lot that are currently using mobile gaming. Mobile gaming is growing at a very high rate due to the characteristics complementary that are different from the traditional gaming. Mobile games can be categorized into four major ways; - over the air this is where the game is installed by using a binary file and it is installed through wireless carrier networks. -s ide loaded this one involves loading a game binary file into the mobile when connected to a computer by either a USB cable or via Bluetooth. - there is the pre-installed this one involves preloading a game binary file into the mobile gadget using an original equipment manufacturer. - the last one is the mobile browser this involves downloading a game file directly from the source mobile games site. With the high quality definition hepatic features, mobile developers can transform the game users to a certain degree of experience. This is by the mobile features that have unique as well as, customizable touch feedback effect. Mobiles have also made games and their applications alive by having enhanced realism hepatics offers. The gadget has also created a differentiated game user experience by allowing hepatics to define a brand via a distinct user experience and a unique industrial application. Mobiles have expended the usability feature by using audio and visual feedback to provide full game context. Most developers believe that mobile phones development and its advanced features will be the future of game development. This is due to the audience gigantic way of appreciating the device and the gadget becoming more powerful. Once there is introduction of wireless streaming there will be standard gaming from each and every region using the mobile phone. The future of all mobile game applications is bright, this due to various venture capitalist research and investigation. Some of the new beggings have strained bearing fruits of the capitalist hard work. Many market investors are even getting interested with mobile games production (Zelkowitz 2007, p. 65). With time mobile phones will become more powerful than the present models, and this will promote development of mid core games. Gamers will play a game through the phone as graphically impressive as well as, complex as the PC externals. Mobile device industry will try and revolutionize some of the mobile features to ensure that games files fit perfectly to its software. Mobile games are played in various numbers of contexts and, therefore, there is a need for heuristic designs for the gaming industry to study the effectiveness of the mobile device and also the game design to support such context of game use. Some of the available contexts include outdoor and indoor ability to play without interruptions while playing. There is also the connectivity agenda that is used while playing and other various factors that affect the industry. Most of the developed games in 2D will remain in the industry and also successful financially until there are enough developers and games many people can choose from. A multiplayer gaming on the mobile phone has seemed to be a come true development that developers have focused their scope on the industry. Mobile gaming is becoming popular due to the variety context and the heuristics designed features to provide an effective model. Mobile phones are the first step of moving forward for the game industry development, this is due to consumer ability to download a game onto their devices even before they play the game. Internet clouding is the bets model that has made it possible to achieve the development, where game players access their taste games in the cloud and play the exact place they are in using the mobile phones. CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY The Effects of Smartphone Devices to the World of Gaming The expansion of mobile gaming has been promoted by the attributes of a smartphone. This is because almost every person carries a mobile phone in his daily activities and, therefore, it is easier for them to get their fix of gaming using the smartphone gadgets. This is because smartphones are accounting to about the half of all mobile phones in the current market. Smartphones are a bit more expensive than any game handling gadget, but the functionality of the smartphone is more than the gadgets. Most games have become expensive in the market and have really changed most clients opinion and have translated to smartphones as a method of gaming. There are also games that show that gaming through a smartphone is actually the best gadget to use rather than the gamer devices used with a computer. Mobile gaming has expended both market wise and also technology advanced in the past few years. This is as a result of the introduction of smartphones into the market and developed with the games external html connections. The display on the smartphone is preferred to be better than other gaming gadgets and user friendly to many. The popularity of mobile has increased appropriately, but smartphones have increased much more due to clients demand to play mobile games using it. It is estimated that over ninety percent of clients that have bought smartphones play the mobile games at least twice a week. One of the reasons for the dominance of smartphones is due to their clear availability in the market. They are also having cheaper costs that most people prefer to purchase them and multitasking making calls and messaging as well as, playing mobile games. With the introduction of high quality gaming phones such as Xperia play, mobile gaming will be dominating by using smartphones. Games developers spend a lot of money or require a lot of money and also take a long period of time while creating other gaming devices than by developing a smartphone platform to play mobile games. Nowadays there are several games that are available for download and also played by a smartphone. Many mobile games are available on smartphones due to their touch based features that many users prefer using while playing. This is a major advantage compared to other gaming gadgets available due to their dual processors and high resolution screen features. There is also a development of gyroscope into the smartphone industry which will be a substitute of a joystick. Many games that have been developed have been exclusively been connected to smartphone platform features. This is fate integration of 3D APIs into the mobile features and thus various games have been created exclusively for phones. Most of the smart phone developer companies have the idea of taking the gaming on smartphones to a higher level. One of the developed high level qualities is the Xperia play which allows players to play games using the application. This has made an excellent future of using smartphones for gaming at a brighter side. Smartphones do not just facilitate a game experience that will feature with just today but in the next future. This is due to the constant improvement at a lower cost rate that is accessible to both the players and also the games manufacturing corporations. Most people are excited with the manner the smartphone is penetrating the game industry and also growing. This is due to the availability of an iOS platform that provides a great usability solution for the distribution of the games. The smartphones are really more of a component solution to the game development industry. Almost of the smartphones are bought having an installed OS by the manufacturing company to ensure there is compatibility between the features of the phone and those of the game files. Many smartphone companies are putting much energy with partnerships through the carriers and also through the games application developers to ensure that they solve some of the numerous parts of the puzzle for the players. This is done by a more modular fashion style to enable there is clear work within the ecosystem environment between the players and the mobile industry. Smartphones are becoming both increasing ubiquitous as well as, personalized connection to transforming everyday cultural practices and technology spaces. The device has also offered ready to hand present interaction of the paler and actual and virtual environments. With the increase in smartphone consumers in the market, then there is a growth in the application of the games and remains as the most favorable application in the industry. This has increased the bright future of gaming in the world and also in the games industry. Gaming on a smartphone has come a long way since its application development by experts in the industry. There has been an increase in the processor size that has geared a potential feature to enjoy playing any game. Smartphone developers have done their best with crafting the entire virtual analog game sticks and also swipe gestures for games panning. Most companies are trying to change the features of a smart phone into a new controller that is compatible to games files. Gaming is a region that smartphones have a lot of loads of untapped potential in the market and also in the industry. There is the introduction of iOS gaming feature that has taken the smart phone to another leap level. There is a bigger gap between mobile gaming and the console gaming which is shrinking in numbers. Smartphones have been geared with numerous features that have set apart their easier predisposes mobile phones. It has obtained these features of a clamshell design from the earlier sample that is compatible to the gaming features. The visuals feedback by the smartphone screen features allow a clear user to interact with the available gaming system. Conclusion The most important and interesting features of a smartphone involves its entire mechanism application style. Unlike most of the mobile devices the smartphone has control pad that most of the mobiles do not have as a feature. The specification of a smartphone that includes the memory size to accommodate the games capacity is a hundred percent compatible. The important factor that has promoted mobile gaming using the smartphone is the affordable prices to purchase a new one. This has enabled all the smartphone users to access the games. The operating system has been installed with gaming version software to obtain a comparative gaming feature that more users get interested in obtaining. Smartphone has a good layout that is compatible with the available games developed due to the smartphone screen resolution and other extra features. Players that use this gadget find it a heuristic designed layout feature. A good rule to gaming instruction is the information that the device provides that is visible to the user at all time. Most players are able to see relevant information through the smartphone which is not possible through other devices. This helps the player to have some clue on the current game situation on the available energy character and even the available left time for the game to end. These are some of the features that most console devices are not offered to the player thus making the smartphone model the best mobile device to play games with. There are over five hindered games available for the smartphone technology and most of them support some of the games degree to enable multiplayer functionality through its wireless network to the internet. Smartphones provide a clear confirm action to the players and cannot allow player to make irreversible errors and still be competitive to other players. The software installed in these devices confirms actions that can cause problems to the players in the game. The features are helpful to the player by enabling a recovery to any mistakes made by the players while using a smartphone. Smartphone provides game teaching software that is downloadable and the player is able to start a game by learning from the software. The player does not necessarily need to have manuals or other relevant information but from the information provided by the smartphones that has all the required manuals in its system. Smartphones enable players to start a game very fast and very easily accessible that is approximately within five seconds. A play session using a smartphone is usually shorter than other play session by other compatible play stations. Advanced players in various games find smartphones easier to use and also compatible to their fast skills. This has proved that smartphones are the best mobile devices in the present world that is compatible to all kinds of games. Timeline The timeline of the required study has to be carried out in duration of three months. This is to ensure all the relevant information and ideas have been carried out in time. Definitions Mobile phone is a gadget that is used to connect people through calls or messaging system or through internet connections over a radio link that is connected within a certain regional area with the provider service corporation. Smartphone is a gadget that is built using the connection of a mobile phone design and has a mobile computing system but with more computing skills as well as, an excellent connectivity compared to a mobile phone. Mobile gaming this is a video play that is played on a mobile phone or a smartphone or may be other computer related medium. Milestone Description of the Task Due Date Comments 1 Identity of Area of Interest Completed 2 Selection of Specific Topic Completed 3 Proposal Writing Submitted 4 Data Collection 5 Data Analysis and Interpretation 6 Documentation of Findings (First Draft of the Dissertation) 7 Submission of the Final Draft Buy custom Effects of Mobile Devices to the Future of Gaming essay

Banana peelings, ipil-ipil leaves and minera

Shining your shoes can be a messy process that includes chemical laden roducts; it also stains your hands and also has a harsh odor that never seems to leave your shoes. Commercial shoe polish have many chemicals which can affect our health like turpentine; especially our respiratory system. It is very essential to our daily lives, because it makes us presentable and neat in every way. But now, you can leave all that behind. This shoe polish is great to use for a quick and easy buffer for your favorite pair of shoes. You can easily make a natural yet inexpensive shoe polish that also works like commercial ones. In this experiment, we intend to make a t will be fast, easy and leaves no mess or any unpleasant odor. Polishing your shoes with this kind of shoe polish is a great way to reduce waste. You can have polished shoes without damaging your health neither the environment, leaving behind zero packaging waste. Using natural shoe polish as your shoe polish is cheaper and is more efficient than the other kinds of shoe polish. It is eco-friendly and is safe to use. Statement of the Problem: Is it possible to make a shoe polish out of banana peelings, Ipil-ipil leaves and baby oil? What is the component of each that consider them as one of the ingredient in making this shoe polish? Objectives To help the community in eco-waste management. To make a natural and affordable shoe polish that is comparable to commercially produced ones. To make banana peelings, ipil-ipil leaves and baby oil beneficial by using it as the main ingredient in making a shoe polish. Hypotheses We can make a shoe polish out of banana peelings, ipil-ipil leaves and baby oil because it all has this oil which can help the shoes to shine. Banana peelings have a slimy texture inside. It has this watery and oily content which can make the shoe to shine. It is also rich in potassium and potassium is great in leather. Baby oil from the ame itself, oil. It is known for its slippery texture and shiny appearance thats why it gives shine to the shoe. Ipil-ipil leaves have an extract which can get when it is pounded. And that extract helps the shoes to shine and maintain its quality. Significance of the study The study aimed to produce a cheaper and good quality shoe polish which is comparable to commercial produced ones. It is also eco-friendly and beneficial for eco-waste management program in the community. Background of the study: Banana is the common name for an edible fruit produced by several kinds of large herbaceous plants of the genus Musa. Bananas are said to be an excellent source of vitamin 86, soluble fiber, vitamin C, manganese, potassium. The peel has numerous long and thin strings. The fruit has been descried as leathery berry. Potassium was said to use to tan the leather. Banana peels have 30-40% tannin content. Potassium is used to treat and blacken the leather. Banana contains potassium that maintains the quality of the shoes. It has its own oil which is being sipped by the leather shoes making it shiny. Ipil-ipil is a small tree growing up 8 meters high. Leaves are compound, 15 to 25 centimeters long, with hairy rachis. Pinnae are 8 to 16, and 5 to 8 centimeters long. Leaflets are 20 to 30, linear oblong, and 7 to 12 millimeters long. Heads are solitary, at the axils of the leaves, long-peduncled, globose, and 2 to 5 centimeters in diameter, with many flowers. Flowers are whitish, in dense globue heads, 2 to 3 centimeters in diameter. Fruit is an oblong or linear pod, strap-shaped, 12 to 18 centimeters long, 1. 4 to 2 Mineral oil is a basic straight chain hydrocarbon and comes is various grades defined by the carbon atom count, which ranges from 18 to 30 carbon atoms. Mineral oil used in shoe products has a molecular composition of about C25H52 (25 annot have a pH value. In fact mineral oil is considered to be occlusive (a stop to moisture), whereas triglyceride base

High Powered Money Multiplier to Credit Creation Essay

High Powered Money Multiplier to Credit Creation - Essay Example The high power money multiplier is based on some assumptions, partial fulfillment and non-fulfillment which impact on income generations. Some of the assumptions include; the supply of goods should be adequate, level of investment should be maintained, the economy should be closed and unchanged marginal propensity to consume. High power multiplier has both advantages and limitations to the economy. When money is deposited into the bank by clients, the money is usually given out to other people in need of loans. The bank ends up getting interests in return. The rule associated with banking usually allows them to set aside some money referred to as reserve. The capital set aside by the bank is important in ensuring the daily cash needs of the bank are met (Steindl, 2010). It also ensures the depositors who come back to the bank to withdraw their money are accounted for. Such kind of banking is known as fractional reserve banking. Due to the reason of loaning out that the depositors’ funds by the company, a money multiplier effect usually result. To an individual the benefits are also withstanding. Through money multiplier an individual is able to acquire a loan from the bank for the purpose of expanding his business. The bank also offers protection and security to the deposited money. The high power money multiplier can aid in capital leverage. It ensures for example, the bank is able to make a lot of money out of the little money spent at the start. The individuals too are able to benefit (Bomhoff, 2008). If 10% is the reserve requirement, a bank may lend out $90 of $100 deposited by the customer. The $ 90 can also be lent to someone else who deposits the same amount to the next bank. The bank in receivership can lend out $81 dollars of the am ount deposited. The initial deposit of $100 can be expanded through the banking system as the process proceeds.  

Congestive Heart Failure Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Congestive Heart Failure - Case Study Example The patient history demonstrates that he smokes 1.5 packs every day. The patient has been smoking for 35 years. The patient’s smoking is one of the risk factors which predisposed him to his heart condition. Moreover, the patient is an occasional drinker which predisposed him to his heart problem. In addition, lack of proper exercise and failure to adhere to a healthy diet. Psychological stress would also be among the risk factors predisposing the patient to his heart condition. The patient is currently on ECASA, Isosorbide dinitrate, Metoprolol, Nitroglycerin, and Glyburide. The current treatment is aimed at relieving of symptoms of the patient’s heart condition, prevention of worsening of the condition. The current treatment is also aimed at treating the condition of the patient. The drug indications for the patient include ECASA which contains aspirin as an active ingredient. This drug is effective and appropriate for the relief of pain related to heart conditions. Mo reover, ECASA is effective in the prevention of possible inflammation to the heart which would worsen the condition of the patient. The indication for isosorbide dinitrate is appropriate for the management of the patient’s condition because this drug is effective in the prevention of chest pain related to heart conditions especially angina. Nonetheless, isosorbide dinitrate has adverse effects such as lightheadedness, flushing, and headache which must be taken into consideration in the management of the condition.  Ã‚  ... Metoprolol acts through blockage of beta-adrenergic receptors of heart muscles. This illustrates that metoprolol is effective in preventing the complication of the patient’s condition into heart failure as a result of adrenergic stimulation. It is however important to note that drug interaction of metoprolol with digoxin and calcium channel blockers would result in excessive reduction of blood pressure. Therefore counter indications must be provided during the prescription of metoprolol for the patient’s condition. Nitroglycerin is an appropriate vasodilator which is indicated for the treatment of the patient’s congestive heart failure. Glyburide which acts to lower the glucose levels in blood is an appropriate indication for the patient’s heart condition. This is because glyburide acts as an adjunct to exercise and diet. Since the patient is short of breath, exercising would not be viable and hence the appropriateness of glyburide as one of the medication s for the management of his heart problem. The dosages of these medications as provided in the indication are appropriate for the adult patient. Nonetheless the condition of the patient would influence possible adjustments to the treatment. In order to ensure that the patient adheres to the medication, the health care provider must ensure compliance by encouraging the patient to take the drugs. This would be achieved by explaining the importance of adhering to the dosages and the possible side effects that are related to the drug. When the patient is presented with the possible side effects, he would be enabled to selective alternative drugs for the management of the

Project Proposal Paper Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Project Proposal Paper - Coursework Example Skyscrapers and major highways have been completed using the leading mechanism applied in the planning of the procedures from the draft structure to the completed piece that is erected on the ground. The procedures and processes applied within the steps leading to the final steps into the construction of the mechanism to present an image that creates a strong societal mechanism. The need to present a stable structure is necessary to accord a structure to be used in variable generations to reduce on the costs incurred in maintenance of the structural feature. The completed structure would be dependent on the features applied within the construction of the completed work. The other mandatory feature would be the provision included by the supervisor of the project and the contribution that they implement in the completion of the structure. Sustainability plays a chief role in selling the idea of preserving resources and presenting a lasting strategy that would present the motive to pres ent preservation of the available features. The input provided within the completion of a project to extend sustainability would be identified through predicting the mechanism applied within the strategy that present a completed piece. ... Homes, offices, roads and recreational structures are erected based on the output presented in the construction industry. The means also presents the platform to employment of highly qualified individuals in engineers and other workers that may be trained to handle the equipment. Sustainability presents the means that would ensure products are produced to last longer and preserve the environmental features to reduce the costs and human lifestyle that may be presented within the future living (Environment Agency 2012, p1). Sustainability is used to present the effects noticed to the environment and the materials applied within the construction process to deliver the strategy needed in completing a stable and unique structure. Sustainability would be presented as a positive feature to the users of the completed structure and an increased incentive to the owners of the property to be completed. With the right procedures applied to present the feature, relationships may be strengthened w ith the stakeholders and present the feature to be included to deliver economic profitability. Sustainable development introduces the measure used to deliver corporate responsibility towards the environment and the mechanism that would be applied to justify the mechanism applied in the project layout. Sustainable development is presented to deliver the satisfaction that would be projected to the future generations that are catered for in the current project. Sustainability in the construction is offered value in the technique and mechanism applied to deliver the means witnessed to present the stable structure to be utilized within the future society. The example is witnessed in known structures that have marked the pillars of towns and famous cities universally. From the

Structure, properties and treatment of steels Assignment

Structure, properties and treatment of steels - Assignment Example The first three methods change the chemical composition, carburizing by the addition of carbon, nitriding by the addition of nitrogen, and cyaniding by the addition of both carbon and nitrogen. The flame hardening and induction hardening processes do not change the chemical composition of the steel and are essentially shallow-hardening methods. In flame and induction hardening the steel must be capable of being hardened, therefore the carbon content must be about 0.30 percent or higher. So in case of 0.6 % plain carbon steel we have got only two surface hardening processes left and these are flame hardening and induction hardening process. These two are essentially the shallow hardening methods. Selected areas of the surface of a steel are heated into the austenite range and then quenched form martensite. Therefore, it is necessary to start with a steel which is capable of being hardened. Generally, this is in the range of 0.3 to 0.6 percent carbon. So depending upon the other required properties of the steering shaft the most appropriate method of surface hardening is induction

Exchange risk Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Exchange risk - Research Paper Example Foreign exchange rates have an impact on the economic society as discussed. Low exchange rates are a signal to the recession economic period and consequent political instability. Conversely, substantial rates of exchange are a sign of stable commercial conditions for a country. The exchange rates directly affect the international trade. For instance, low exchange rate support activities like tourism and exports in the economy (Howell & PRS Group, 2011). At this point, domestic goods become inexpensive for the foreign buyers. Additionally, foreign currency rates have an effect on investment funds that either move in or out of an economy. The countries that have fluctuating currency are less attractive to investors from overseas. This because all investors are assumed to be risk averse and, therefore, like returns and dislike losses. At this time, foreigners liquidate their real estates, stocks, and bonds just because such derivatives are losing purchasing power to rival investments in other countries. Foreign investors prefer making financial investments when they think that price in them will be conserved as international profits are ultimately converted back to their domestic currency. The foreign exchange rate leads to an economic growth: it is true that the higher the price of the net exports, the higher the nation Gross domestic product. The country’s GDP is given as C+I+G+(X-M) Where C = consumer spending, C= capital, I= investment by the businesses and households, G= government spending and (X-M) = net exports.

Discuss the purpose and process of budgetary control Assignment

Discuss the purpose and process of budgetary control - Assignment Example Budget control is the process of managing individual items in a budget such that expenses arising from them do not rise above the forecasted amount in the budget estimates. Budget control helps an organization/ entity to plan adequately for the future. It also helps the organization to evaluate adherence to set policies. Through budgetary control, the organization is able to minimize wastage and inefficiency (Pollitt, 2001). In itself, the budget is a tool for expenditure control within a firm. In order to stick to the laid out expenditure program and prevent excessive spending, the organization has to carry out effective budget control measures, both before and after planning. Below is an outline of the main steps of budgetary control. This phase involves drawing up a list of policy guidelines for the firm that will guide both the management and lower-level employees in their daily operations. Integrating long term policies with short term ones forms a basis for periodic evaluation of success in implementing a set of policy guidelines. Several objectives that guide the business are laid out in order of prioritization. Besides profitability, which is the key objective of most business organizations, quality, market positioning, product differentiation and cost leadership form some of the more common goals that guide policy formulation (Toigo and Woods, 2006). Whereas policy harmonization is key to achievement of set goals, each level of management rolls out several objectives that guide its specific situation. However, the goals must work towards achieving the corporate objectives laid out by the top management. Each function that is deemed to complement achievement of policies formulated is listed together with its expected costs/ revenue. The forecasts should be made at both the micro and macro levels. Micro level forecasts involve activity based costs, while macro level forecasts involve transaction

Exchange risk Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Exchange risk - Research Paper Example Foreign exchange rates have an impact on the economic society as discussed. Low exchange rates are a signal to the recession economic period and consequent political instability. Conversely, substantial rates of exchange are a sign of stable commercial conditions for a country. The exchange rates directly affect the international trade. For instance, low exchange rate support activities like tourism and exports in the economy (Howell & PRS Group, 2011). At this point, domestic goods become inexpensive for the foreign buyers. Additionally, foreign currency rates have an effect on investment funds that either move in or out of an economy. The countries that have fluctuating currency are less attractive to investors from overseas. This because all investors are assumed to be risk averse and, therefore, like returns and dislike losses. At this time, foreigners liquidate their real estates, stocks, and bonds just because such derivatives are losing purchasing power to rival investments in other countries. Foreign investors prefer making financial investments when they think that price in them will be conserved as international profits are ultimately converted back to their domestic currency. The foreign exchange rate leads to an economic growth: it is true that the higher the price of the net exports, the higher the nation Gross domestic product. The country’s GDP is given as C+I+G+(X-M) Where C = consumer spending, C= capital, I= investment by the businesses and households, G= government spending and (X-M) = net exports.

Leadership Interview Essay Example for Free

Leadership Interview Essay Todays professional nurses assume leadership and management responsibilities regardless of the activity in which they are involved (Koernig-Blais, Hayes, Kozier, Erb, 2006, p. 2). D. Martin. is the nurse manager for The Spirit Medical Transportation Services (Spirit) of Saint Josephs Childrens Hospital in Marshfield, Wisconsin. She started her career as an ICU nurse, and from there moved into medical transportation. She worked as a staff flight nurse in three different programs, including Spirit, for 15 years before assuming the assistant nurse manager role for Spirit, and in the past year moved into the position of manager. In an interview with D. Martin she discussed achieving of a position of leadership in our nursing community. The interview included questions about her background, and the role she has today. Leadership Style D. Martin (personal communication, March 6, 2008) describes a leader as someone who is able to work effectively with other people and facilitate getting the job done. She further discusses the leader needing to have interactive communication skills. These skills she describes as two parts; first is active listening, making eye contact and giving full attention to the person speaking; the second is being able to talk and make a point with sounding condescending. Through her examples, D.Martin has a democratic or participative leadership style. Leaders with a democratic style act as a catalyst or facilitator to guide the group towards achieving group goals (Koernig-Blais et al, 2006). Democratic leadership may be less efficient than other types of leadership, but it does allow for a spirit of collaboration and creativity from group members. This type of leadership can be extremely effective in the healthcare setting (Tappen, 2001, p. 26)Personal Philosophy and Important Qualities of Leadership When questioned about important qualities or characteristics of a leader, D. Martin (personal communication, March 6, 2008) again emphasized the importance of interactive communication. D. Martin (personal communication, March 6, 2008) stated that an effective leader needs to respect their staff, or whomever they are leading. That a leader needs to learn how to be politically correct in all settings, and the  leader as manager needs to learn how to delegate, and to be aware of the fiscal responsibilities within the institution, and balance those requirements with the needs of the department they are managing. Sullivan and Decker, 2005 p. 44 state that all good managers are also good leaders. D. Martin talked interchangeably of leaders and managers, because she views herself as a leader first, and a manager second. Her views are that as a staff nurse, she was viewed as a leader among the flight crew, and now as a manager, she is still that leader, but with the responsibilities of management (D. Martin personal communication, March 6, 2008). A manager is responsible and accountable to the organization for accomplishing the goals of the organization (Sullivan Decker, 2005). When D. Martin was questioned about her personal philosophy of leadership she replied that you are never going to please everyone all of the time, and that the most important thing to remember is that you have to be able to live with your decisions, legally and ethically (D. Martin, personal communication, March 6, 2008). According to D. Martin (personal communication, March 6, 2008), quality and safety should be ranked equally at number one in consideration for what can and should be done. She believes that as a manager, she needs to be the mother tiger looking out for her cubs; that she has to protect the staffs interests. D. Martin also believes that an effective manager should have come up through the ranks. A manager should not ask the staff to do something she has not done, or would not do. Another aspect of an effective manager is that the manager should have been a clinical leader first, that they have been there, done that for years. The manager may not always be able to keep up those clinical skills, and be able to perform the clinical aspects of the job, but if they have done it for years, they will understand the concepts when the staff needs someone to talk to (D. Martin, personal communication, March 6, 2008)Learning Experiences that have Influenced Growth as a LeaderD. Martin believes that her own clinical experiences and what she has done have had the most influence on her personal development. Her bedside clinical experience in an ICU prepared her for her role as a transport nurse (personal communication, March 6, 2008). She was involved in the start-up of two different transport services, and her third experience was a transport nurse on a well established service. The first transport service she was part of was a load and go team with one of the first mobile ICUs in Wisconsin. Her belief is that being on the ground floor of two services, the personal growth from those experiences as the service went through its growing pains, makes her better prepared for the growing pains of going from peer to boss. She also emphasized that managers should not take things for granted, if they have not been where they are asking their staff to go, she feel strongly that she brings a been there, done that style to her leadership (D. Martin, personal communication, March 6, 2008). Evolution of Nursing Leadership in Healthcare TodayThe interview continued with the question of how she sees leadership evolving in nursing today. Her first response was disappointed. When she first started out in nursing, many registered nurses were from an associates program, and the recommendation for a management position, or to teach was someone with a bachelors degree in nursing. Once she had achieved her bachelors, the bar had been raised with the recommendation that managers have their masters degree, in nursing or in business, and that nursing instructors have their PhD in nursing or education (D. Martin, personal communication, March 6, 2008). Her thought is that with the requirement of that much schooling, the people managing departments, and teaching new nurses, are so far removed from the clinical aspects of nursing, that they are not as effective as someone who has recently been a clinical nurse. She feels nursing needs instructors that have been there, and instructors should not be only those with the highest degrees. There needs to be opportunities for nurses to move up through the ranks through independent nursing practice, and recognition needs to be given to the clinical experts at the bedside. The advanced degree should not be more important than clinical expertise in a given field (D. Martin, personal communication, March 6, 2008). Challenges Facing Leaders in Todays Healthcare SystemsD. Martin (personal  communication, March 6, 2008), believes that the most challenging issues in her current position are the need to have a more global perspective, and having an appreciation for it. She described one aspect of that global perspective in terms of the hospital budget. Finding out what the hospital budget is, and that it comes down from the top of the corporation, not just the top of our individual hospital. Patients are important, but from a business standpoint, money is the bottom line (D. Martin, personal communication, March 6, 2008). Healthcare is a business, and needs to be run as a business. She states that the biggest passion she had to give up was that the patient comes first. She had to learn how to facilitate the system, within the budget given, and with the resources available to her. Management cannot give the staff everything they are asking for, the money, and decisions come from the top down. Management would be easy if you didnt have to deal with the people (D. Martin, personal communication, March 6, 2008). The Impact of a Mentor on Leadership StyleD. Martin (personal communication, March 6, 2008) states that she has had three mentors in her career. Each is unique and she is grateful to them. Her first was her nurse manager of her first flight service. She states that he too came up through the ranks. He taught her the importance of creating a balance between management and work. Her next mentor was her first nurse manager when she started at Saint Josephs, Terri. Terri was her mentor through her masters program, and taught her the importance of being politically correct and fair. That, as a manager, you might not agree with what is being said, but you need to have enough self control to not let them see you do not agree with the company line, or to never let them see you sweat (D. Martin, personal communication, March 6, 2008). Her third mentor was her nurse manager for the 11 years she was a flight nurse with Spirit. Through him she learned that different management styles are okay, and that an open door policy was what she respected most about his style. He also taught her the importance of credibility, and to not make promises you may not be able to keep (D. Martin, personal communication, March 6, 2008). Advice to Someone Interested in LeadershipD. Martin (personal communication, March 6, 2008) discussed the difficulty going from peer to boss. Her recommendation would be for anyone in that position to take a class on effective leadership to learn more on how to delegate, find resources and about fiscal responsibility. She did inform me that Saint Josephs Childrens Hospital does offer a two day seminar to employees on this topic, and she further recommends all Neonatal Intensive Care Transport Nurses take this class, as they all function in a leadership role (D. Martin, personal communication, March 6, 2008). Her other advice was to be ready to put in long hours. To be passionate about whom you want to lead. Be clinically competent, and have confidence in yourself, and your knowledge. Stand up for yourself and your staff. Learn to take risks, and trust your instincts (D. Martin, personal communication, March 6, 2008). Conclusion Leadership and management are the responsibility of all professional nurses. Effective leadership and management is a learned process. Mentors can have a positive impact on the personal and professional growth of a nurse. Personal integrity, honesty, and a concern for human dignity should guide all leadership and management decisions (Koernig-Blais et. al, 2006). References: Koernig-Blais, K., Hayes, J., Kozier, B., Erb, G. (2006). Professional Nursing Practice: Concepts and Perspectives (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Sullivan, E. J., Decker, P. J., (2005). Effective Leadership and Management in Nursing (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall HealthTappen, R. M., (2001). Nursing Leadership and Management: Concepts and Practice (4th ed.). Philadelphia: F.A. Davis.

The business strategy of marks and spencer

The business strategy of marks and spencer Marks Spencer (MS) is one of the leading retailers in the United Kingdom (UK). The high quality services are being provided to the customers in the areas of clothing, food and home products. Based on reliable statistical data, the number of customers visiting MS stores every week approaching the figure of 21 million. From all over the world, 2,000 suppliers take the responsibility of outstanding quality products to satisfy the customers. The key factors behind the business such as service, quality, value, trust and innovation are equally important since the beginning of MS 125 years ago till date [8]. Business is growing in 41 different countries other than UK by following the well-defined rules and regulations regarding customer care, product quality, innovation and trust. More than 76,000 people work in UK and overseas for MS. To become the worlds most sustainable major retailer is the ultimate goal of MS. For the achievement of this goal, Plan A was launched in January 2007 consisting of 100 commitments to attain in 5 years, but Plan A has extended to 180 commitments to reach by 2015 [9]. The Plan A consists of five pillars to help the MS customers to lead healthier lifestyles. To combat climate change, reduce waste, use sustainable raw material and trade ethically are the four pillars upon which Plan A stands. All the 180 commitments are under the five pillars of Plan A. MS is trying best to work through Plan A by involving customers and suppliers to achieve the desired results [8]. The first section presents the analysis of external environment of organization. Internal environment and identification is the main focus in second section and third section deals with the impact of external environment on the strategic direction of the organization. Identification of the major issues and challenges facing MS is key discussion in last section, and there is conclusion after that to summarize all the sections. Political, economic, social and technical (PEST) are the four most important factors to analyze the external environment of MS. The restrictions or limitations applied by the government in any country are covered under political aspects (import/export duties). But economic aspects indicate the strength and growth of organization based on stock market share value. Social aspects reflect the common people interest in the society and technical issues point to the involvement and utilization of modern emerging technology to advertise and enhance the organizations business. This external environment with four major factors plays a significant role in determining the organizations business strategy to achieve the optimal results. Q.1: Analysis of the organizations external environment. Strategic Analysis of Business Environment External and internal environment influence the organizational operations, therefore strategic direction of business depends on both environments. Strategic analysis helps identifying the environmental factors that can significantly affect the business. On the other hand, environmental analysis indicates the activities both inside and outside the organization. For appropriate business strategy to reflect the organizational environment, environmental analysis must be taken into account. The following discussion considers external and internal organizational environment in detail [6]. 1.1 External Environment External environment consists of conditions and forces such as (political, economical, social and technological) that are beyond the control and affect the organizations strategic options. External environment defines the competitive situation of organization and potentially have both positive and negative impact on business. The classical PEST analysis identifies four major categories of external factors that significantly affect organizations capability to survive and grow. Based on operating region, external environment is divided into three interactive segments having remote, industrial and operating environments. However, changes in the external environment also create new opportunities [1]. Different external factors have different influences which need to be discussed separately for clear understanding. Some influences inter-linked with each other create a bit of complexity. For instance, information technology completely changed the nature of work, customer behavior and life-style as well. External environmental study helps to decide the business strategy accordingly to gain the competitive advantage. Based on PEST analysis, four major external factors are going to discuss in detail [2]. Remote Environment Operating Environment Industrial Environment 1.2 Political Environment Business growth and investors interest both are strictly relevant to the political stability in a country. The government trade policy is another important factor that affects organizations business. Organization operates in an administrative and legal framework provided by the political government. The restrictive environment affects all aspects of organization. The legal and administrative framework cover lot of factors including pricing regulation, tax rates and incentives, mandatory employee benefits, wage legislation, trade regulations and tariffs, industrial safety regulations and product labeling requirements. Permissive administrative/legal context favors organizations business, employees and consumers. The development pace of organization depends on specific laws and regulations to work with. Political activities also affect suppliers, customers and competitors [2]. 1.3 Economic Environment To discuss the effect of economy on organizations business, there is a definite need to consider the crucial macro-economic trends. In this regard, the factors that influence business are taxation, interest rates, inflation, disposable income, unemployment, GNP trends, general demand, government spending, money supply, business cycle stage (e.g. prosperity, recession and recovery), economic growth rate and tendency to spend at national and international levels [1]. 1.4 Social Environment In social environment changes in values, attitudes, beliefs, opinions, different life styles and other trends are taken into consideration. Successful business strategy must have the ability to target different demographics, class structure in the society, various cultures and ethnic conditions of individuals. As a consequence of changing marketplace concepts, customers are compromising the quality over price. Fashionable clothing demand has increased to great extent. The price sensitivity of majority of customers left MS at less competitive position [1]. POLITICAL ORGANIZATION SOCIAL TECHNOLOGICAL ECONOMIC 1.5 Technological Environment Rapid change in technology greatly influences the market conditions and existing trends as well. Electronic media is playing very important role in introducing new fashions in the society. Therefore, organization needs to consider all such factors relevant to modern technology. Utilization of modern technology set the new standards regarding services and product quality. In the technological environment business is affected in terms of investment and consistent application of technology to compete in the market [2]. Q.2: Analysiss of the organizations internal environment and identification. Analysis of Internal Environment and Identification SWOT analysis may be used to measure the degree of fit between strategies and environment. Based on this analysis, strengths and opportunities are used for the profit of business and protect organization against weaknesses and threats. There is no great deal of thought in the utilization of SWOT analysis due to simple nature so the results are not very reliable. This analysis has no ability to cope very well with some of the complicated aspects of modern strategic theory. In the current situation simple analysis of internal environment of MS is concerned, thats why reasonable results may be achieved based on SWOT analysis [5]. 2.1 Strengths All internal and external aspects that give strength to the organization are included in the strong points. The strength indicates the current market position of business in terms of customers, competitors and internal resources. Strength is a resource advantage relative to competitors and the needs of the markets a firm serves or expects to serve. The distinct advantage that helps the organization to achieve the comparative advantage in the market. The origin of strength is the resources and competencies available in the organization [5]. Excellent and quality products give the strength to MS in terms of customers and competitors. Based on better treatment and good salary, the employees are in excellent relationship with MS. Large number of MS stores in the UK and overseas represent the strong infrastructure. The financial strength is obvious due to the large market share. MS is one of the major retailers in the UK, profitable and mature as well [4]. 2.2 Weaknesses In spite of good strength in industry, there are weak areas as well that require an improvement. MS products are more expansive than other competitors on the high street but justifiable based on excellent quality. The main focus is on the customers in between 35-44 years old, neglecting the younger and children. Because of expansion program to Europe, USA and other countries, MS lost focus on local market. There is no business strategy to capture the potential available in the younger generation market .Most of the times no special offers are available to the customers in the form of sales. Internally, customer services need to be improved including updating the use of technology to manage the merchandise in the store [4]. 2.3 Opportunities The most important factor in the business growth is to avail the new opportunities in the market. To grasp the potential available in the market, there is a definite need to arrange the flexible business strategy that may change according to the trends. Introduce the wider range of colour clothes, variety and different types of collections to target the majority of customers .By utilising suitable effective strategy such as younger more contemporary models to attract the younger generation. Superior resources and capabilities based on modern technology is a key factor to attain the competitors advantage level. There is a need to improve the food stores for successful MS food business [4]. 2.4 Threats In the presence of intense competition between different organizations in the industry, threat is ever present force. To avoid the danger of threat the organization always tries to improve the performance in terms of customer services, quality product and lower cost. Business extension to overseas has proven less successful for M&S; there is a need to target the local market. Strong competitors are targeting the youth market; therefore there is a danger that MS could lose this market [5]. Organizations Internal Factors Opportunities Threats Weaknesses Strengths External Factors Q.3: Identification of the major issues and challenges facing the marks Spencer. Challenges and Issues Facing Marks Spencer MS is one of the biggest retailers in the UK providing diverse nature services to the customers including clothes, food and home products. They always try their best to emphasize Quality at affordable prices, but this is not always the case. They are losing the trend to capture the younger market and other retailers are taking the advantage of this weak point. To grasp the potential of this area is the big challenge MS facing. The goods prices are going up and to provide the cheaper product, they have to import the stuff which decreased the image of MS as British Goods seller [8]. The customers trends were changing towards natural and environmentally friendly products so, MS launched plan A consisting of 180 commitments to overcome the challenges. Many problems are related to changing climate conditions. To combat the climate change is the major challenge that MS facing. Reduce the waste going into landfill is also the big issue for MS to deal with. The plan A is launched by considering the fact that great challenges exist and management needs to deal with customers and suppliers to achieve the targets. To attain the carbon neutral level is an important commitment that is trying to be achieved by efficient utilization of fuel. For example, huge vehicles are being used for transportation. Energy saving is also the important part of plan A [8]. There are a considerable number of clothes going to landfill in the form of waste. Instead of wasting, these cloths may be provided to the non-profit organizations who are working for the needy people of society. The reduction of waste is significant factor in plan A. MS is trying their best to improve the lives of people in the supply chain. To help the customers and employees live the healthier life-style through plan A [9]. Q.4: External environment and the impact on the strategic direction of the organization. Impact of External Environment on Strategic Direction The strategic direction refers to the action plan that leads to the achievement of ultimate goals of organizations strategy. The strategic direction of MS is based on the idea to become the worlds most sustainable retailer by 2015. In spite of the fact that there is no set bench mark exit to compare the worlds most sustainable retailer, this plan is admirable to provide so much services and containing large number of commitments. To achieve this target, the business development department launched plan A based on five pillars. The business is not limited to the physical boundaries of organization. What happens outside does affect the strategic direction and the organization has to act or react accordingly to cope with the situation [2]. The external forces such as political, economical, social and technological that affect the strategic direction of organizations business is beyond the control. Therefore, sometimes organization is bound to change the strategic direction of business to cope with the situation and to achieve the ultimate goal [1]. The political environment contains administrative and legal factors which affect the strategic direction due to some administrative and legal restrictions. The soft conditions support the business to reach the final destination (desired level). But hard conditions bound the organization to change the business strategy to achieve the desired result. The organization has to work within the framework provided by the political government in a country. The change in political setup may also influence the strategic direction because organization needs to follow new legal and administrative instructions by the new government [2]. In the social environment public trends play a very important role in the strategic direction of organization. Change in values, beliefs, attitudes, opinions and lifestyles influence the organization to change the business strategy to fulfill the demands of customers in a changing atmosphere. The cultural, demographic and religious tendencies create new opportunities in the market for business growth [3]. The major change in technology set the new standard to compete in the market and this scenario totally change the strategic direction of Organization to stay in the market and to achieve the business objectives. Strengths may be replaced by weaknesses and competencies can become rigidities. Technological change opens new opportunities to grow the business by exploiting new market potential and unmet demands. The cost, rate of change and innovation are the factors related to materials and machines used for manufacturing goods and services [6]. The existence of strong competitors is an ever present threat to the organization, change in the strategic direction and business plan may affect the organization to reconsider the business strategy to save the customers and business. Sometimes organizations has to introduce the new better business plan to capture the potential in the market. For example, MS gave second version of plan A by adding new commitments to achieve the level of worlds most sustainable retailer by 2015 [8]. The change in strategic direction of an organization is not an easy task as so many associated factors need to change. For instance, reconfiguration of existing resources and capabilities take place by changing the strategy. This action is taken only when no other option is available. Q.5: What should the organization do to achieve or maintain competitive advantage in its industries? . Competitive Advantage Competitive advantage refers to the state of organization when profit level exceeds the average of its industry. To achieve the status of competitive advantage is the ultimate goal of business strategy. Cost advantage and differentiation advantage are the two basic forms of competitive advantage. These two conditions are necessary for the existence of competitive advantage. One of them is to deliver the same benefits as competitors but at minimum cost (cost advantage) and the other one is to provide the competing product with more benefits (differentiation cost). The position of organization in industry as a leader is identified based on cost or differentiation [7]. 5.1 Competitive Advantage Model The block diagram describes the resource-based concept of competitive advantage by combining the resources and capabilities to provide the superior value creation [6]. Capabilities Distinctive Competencies Cost Advantage Or Differentiation Advantage Value Creation Resources 5.2 Resources and Capabilities Superior resources and capabilities are essential factors to develop the competitive advantage. In the absence of these factors competitors introduce better product with less price and advantage disappears immediately. Basically, resources indicate the organization-specific assets that are utilized to develop cost or differentiation advantage. The examples of such resources include installed customer base, reputation of company, brand equity, proprietary know-how, patents and trademarks. How efficiently the organization utilizes its resources to achieve the competitive advantage is measured in terms of capabilities. For example, bringing the product into the market quicker than competitors represents capabilities. The combination of resources and capabilities result in distinctive competencies which in turn activate efficiency, quality, innovation and customer awareness. Such attributes act as a catalyst to attain the status of cost or differentiation advantage [7]. 5.3 Achievement of Competitive Advantage Level Learn Customer Demands To achieve or maintain the competitive advantage in its industry, the organization should follow some necessary points as a routine matter in favor of customers and the business plan as well. Analysis of Competition Product Differentiation with Target Market Analysis Modern Techniques Economic Moat Creation Business Information Resources 5.3.1 Learn Customer Demands Customers are the most important entity in the business circle. To understand the demands of customers is a significant factor towards competitors advantage. Organization must offer good quality product at minimum price to attract the customers and capture the market [6]. 5.3.2 Analysis of Competition Another important step to achieve the competitors advantage level is fair analysis of competition. For example, who are the major competitors in the industry and what type of different products are they offering. The quality and price of similar goods need to be considered in the analysis. The strength of major competitors in the industry is taken into account [6]. 5.3.3 Product Differentiation with Modern Techniques Provide good quality products with low cost by utilizing modern fabrication techniques play very important role to maintain competitors advantage level. Modern technology, superior resources and capabilities with better management are the key factors to sustain the position of competitors advantage [7]. 5.3.4 Target Market Analysis The term target market refers to the group of customers and communities at which the organization aims its services and products. Distinction between target markets based on social, demographic and common characteristics make the best target for the organization to focus [6]. 5.3.5 Economic Moat Creation On the basis of advantage regarding barriers to enter into the market, discourage the competitors from challenging your market share. In some situations the capability of well established company to manipulate barriers to enter and compete in the market acts as an effective method against new competition. To preserve the profit potential and make the business secure for upcoming future is also included in the process to create economic moat. 5.3.6 Business information resources Information technology is playing a significant role in every field, supplying plenty of relevant information available to business resources. The business information resources may be used to set the suitable business strategy that is superior as compared to the competitors. Business information companies provide such services to become advantage competitors [7]. Summary MS is one of the biggest retailers in the UK who has the aim to achieve the position of worlds most sustainable retailer by 2015 based on the completion of 180 commitments. All commitments revolve around five pillars of plan A. Climate change, waste, natural resources, fair partnership and health and wellbeing are the five pillars on which the plan A stands. The organizations business is affected by internal and external factors. Strengths and weaknesses are the main internal factors that are under the control of management. But external factors such as political, economical, social and technological are beyond the control of the organization. The external factors put on the different restrictions and strategic direction of business depends on such forces. Threats and opportunities are the other two factors which may determine the business strategy. Superior resources and capabilities are utilized to attain the level of competitor advantage. Some necessary actions to maintain the pos ition of competitor advantage such as learn the customer demands, competition analysis, modern technology utilization and product differentiation are names of a few. To meet 180 commitments by the end of 2015 is the biggest challenge. Other major challenges are the efficient utilization of resources to work on plan A for the achievement of main objectives relevant to the five pillars. CONCLUSION MS launched Plan A in 2007 because they were facing tough competition from their rivals. MS was lacking behind in many sectors of the retail market, so they needed a comprehensive plan to become the worlds most sustainable retailer. In order to achieve all this, MS called this Plan, Plan A because they believe its now the only way to do the business and there is no Plan B. By adopting the Plan A MS has fought back really well and their sales are on the rise which resulted in increased market shares and they are successfully becoming one of the worlds most sustainable major retailers.